The remote C(sp3)-H activation/functionalization via 1,5-Pd migration involved in the Pd(0)-catalyzed reaction of (8-bromonaphthalen-1-yl)trimethylsilane (S1) and N-tosylhydrazone (S2) was theoretically investigated with the aid of the density functional theory calculations. The role of the Lewis base LiOtBu was revealed by forming a Pd-O bond to participate in the reaction. The remote C(sp3)-H activation was found to be accomplished by concerted Pd-C(sp2)/C(sp3)-H σ-bond metathesis rather than by stepwise C(sp3)-H oxidative addition/C(sp2)-H reductive elimination. Additionally, the mechanism of generating 2-diazopropane from N-tosylhydrazone (S2) was investigated. This study would be informative and benefit to designing novel relevant transition-metalcatalyzed remote C-H activation/functionalization reactions.

The mechanism of the rhodium-catalyzed C−H alkenylation/directing group migration and [3+2] annulation of Naminocarbonylindoles with 1,3-diynes has been investigated with DFT calculations. On the basis of mechanistic studies, we mainly focus on the regioselectivity of 1,3-diyne inserting into the Rh−C bond and the N-aminocarbonyl directing group migration involved in the reactions. Our theoretical study uncovers that the directing group migration undergoes a stepwise β-N elimination and isocyanate reinsertion process. As studied in this work, this finding is also applicable to other relevant reactions. Additionally, the role of Na+ versus Cs+ involved in the [3+2] cyclization reaction is also probed.

Cu-catalyzed aerobic reactions are a powerful protocol for the synthesis of value-added chemicals based on the ideal oxidant O2. Despite the long research history, the mechanistic studies clarifying the details of the whole catalytic cycle, where CuO2 complexes and their derivatives directly participate in the conversion of substrates, are limited, leaving the mechanisms of emerging aerobic reactions far from understanding. Herein, a computational study on the mechanism of Cu-catalyzed aerobic aminooxygenation of alkene-tethered amides to imides is reported. It is found that the Cu(I) precursor is not the active species but can generate two types of Cu(II) complexes LCu(OAc)OH and LCu(OAc)OOR to start the aminooxygenation through the successive formation of dinuclear Cu(III) oxo complex, dinuclear Cu(II) hydroxide complex, and hetero-dinuclear Cu(II)-Cu(I) complex, followed by alkylperoxo radical capture with Cu(I) species. LCu(OAc)OH catalyzes the aminooxygenation via a mononuclear me

Heteroatoms-doped carbon materials have recently emerged as effective catalysts for various chemical and electrochemical reactions. The free of metals especially noble metals reduces cost and eliminates issues like sintering or leaching of metals at elevated temperatures in solvents. In this work, selective hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to 2,5-dimethylfuran (DMF) is for the first time achieved over simple nitrogen-doped carbon (N-C) catalysts. At optimal reaction conditions, a 91% yield of DMF is obtained with excellent catalyst stability. Extensive characterization, including extended X-ray absorption fine-structure (EXAFS) and soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy (sXAS), model reactions, basic data science analysis, and DFT calculations suggest that ppm of Fe in particular FeN3 sites formed in pyrolysis, rather than non-metallic elements, drive key steps such as H2 activation and deoxygenation of –OH during HMF HDO.

Flavin-dependent catalysts are widely applied to aerobic monooxygenation/oxidation reactions. In contrast, flavin-catalyzed aerobic dioxygenation reactions exhibit higher atomic economy but are less reported, not to mention the relevant mechanistic studies. Herein, a density functional theory study on flavin-catalyzed aerobic epoxidation-oxygenolysis of alkenyl thio-esters was performed for the first time. Different from the previous mechanistic proposal, a pathway featuring two catalytic stages, monoanionic flavin-C(4a)-peroxide/oxide intermediates, and a reverse reaction sequence (epoxidation goes prior to oxygenolysis) was revealed. In comparison, the pathways involving dianionic flavin catalysts, monoanionic flavin-N(5)-(hydro)peroxide/C-(10a)-peroxide, or neutral flavin-C(4a)-hydroperoxide/hydroxide/N(5)-oxide, and the pathways where oxygenolysis goes prior to epoxidation are less favored. Epoxidation goes through intramolecular substitution of the O−O bond of anionic flavin-C(4a)

DFT calculations are carried out to investigate the hydroacylation mechanism based on copper-catalyzed A3- coupling tandem reaction of terminal alkynes, aldehydes and amines. The study reveals significant mechanistic differences between copper(I) and copper(II) catalysts. In the Cu(II)-catalyzed system, incorporation of a ligand is deemed necessary for facilitating reactivity, whereas no ancillary ligand is required in Cu(I) system. The ligand, through coordination with the Cu(II) center, stabilizes the key transition states and intermediates, resulting in a substantial reduction in the activation barrier. The ligand exhibits varying effect, with the order of activity being piperidine > pyridine > DMSO, correlating positively with the interaction energy between ligand and Cu complex. Additionally, the study sheds light on the pivotal roles played by the catalyst, ligand, base, and solvent DMSO in the reaction.

Developing applicable methods to forge linkages between sp3 and sp2-hydridized carbons is of great significance in drug discovery. We show here a new, Ni-catalyzed reductive crosscoupling reaction that forms Csp3−Csp2 bonds from aryl iodides and cyclic sulfonium salts. Notably, Csp3−Csp2 bonds can be forged selectively at the iodine-bearing carbon of bromo(iodo)arenes which is usually recognized as a huge challenge under the catalytic reductive cross-coupling (CRCC) conditions. Experimental and computational mechanistic studies support LNiIAr as an active species, while the untraditional anti-Markovnikov selective alkylation of asymmetric sulfonium salts is determined by the oxidative S-substitution of sulfonium salts with LNiIAr. This protocol further expands the range of alkyl electrophiles under the CRCC conditions and provides a new strategy for the construction of Csp3−Csp2 bonds.

An unprecedented transient promotion function (TPF) of CO2 in the electrochemical hydrogenation/deuteration of imines (especially α-iminonitriles) is reported. The TPF influence of CO2 results from the introduction of CO2 that disperses the negative charges of the imine radical anion intermediate. The resulting redistribution of electrons leads to a lower reduction potential of the CO2-substituted imine radical anion and thus facilitates the succeeding one-electron reduction. CO2 is finally released via spontaneous decarboxylation to complete the transient promotion process.

Flavin-dependent catalysts are widely applied to aerobic monooxygenation/oxidation reactions. In contrast, flavin-catalyzed aerobic dioxygenation reactions exhibit higher atomic economy but are less reported, not to mention the relevant mechanistic studies. Herein, a density functional theory study on flavin-catalyzed aerobic epoxidation-oxygenolysis of alkenyl thio-esters was performed for the first time. Different from the previous mechanistic proposal, a pathway featuring two catalytic stages, monoanionic flavin-C(4a)-peroxide/oxide intermediates, and a reverse reaction sequence (epoxidation goes prior to oxygenolysis) was revealed. In comparison, the pathways involving dianionic flavin catalysts, monoanionic flavin-N(5)-(hydro)peroxide/C-(10a)-peroxide, or neutral flavin-C(4a)-hydroperoxide/hydroxide/N(5)-oxide, and the pathways where oxygenolysis goes prior to epoxidation are less favored. Epoxidation goes through intramolecular substitution of the O−O bond of anionic flavin-C(4a)

DFT calculations are carried out to investigate the hydroacylation mechanism based on copper-catalyzed A3- coupling tandem reaction of terminal alkynes, aldehydes and amines. The study reveals significant mechanistic differences between copper(I) and copper(II) catalysts. In the Cu(II)-catalyzed system, incorporation of a ligand is deemed necessary for facilitating reactivity, whereas no ancillary ligand is required in Cu(I) system. The ligand, through coordination with the Cu(II) center, stabilizes the key transition states and intermediates, resulting in a substantial reduction in the activation barrier. The ligand exhibits varying effect, with the order of activity being piperidine > pyridine > DMSO, correlating positively with the interaction energy between ligand and Cu complex. Additionally, the study sheds light on the pivotal roles played by the catalyst, ligand, base, and solvent DMSO in the reaction.

Developing applicable methods to forge linkages between sp3 and sp2-hydridized carbons is of great significance in drug discovery. We show here a new, Ni-catalyzed reductive crosscoupling reaction that forms Csp3−Csp2 bonds from aryl iodides and cyclic sulfonium salts. Notably, Csp3−Csp2 bonds can be forged selectively at the iodine-bearing carbon of bromo(iodo)arenes which is usually recognized as a huge challenge under the catalytic reductive cross-coupling (CRCC) conditions. Experimental and computational mechanistic studies support LNiIAr as an active species, while the untraditional anti-Markovnikov selective alkylation of asymmetric sulfonium salts is determined by the oxidative S-substitution of sulfonium salts with LNiIAr. This protocol further expands the range of alkyl electrophiles under the CRCC conditions and provides a new strategy for the construction of Csp3−Csp2 bonds.

An unprecedented transient promotion function (TPF) of CO2 in the electrochemical hydrogenation/deuteration of imines (especially α-iminonitriles) is reported. The TPF influence of CO2 results from the introduction of CO2 that disperses the negative charges of the imine radical anion intermediate. The resulting redistribution of electrons leads to a lower reduction potential of the CO2-substituted imine radical anion and thus facilitates the succeeding one-electron reduction. CO2 is finally released via spontaneous decarboxylation to complete the transient promotion process.